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India is leveraging its e-waste sector to extract critical minerals such as lithium and cobalt, vital for technology and defense applications. In 2022, India generated approximately 1.5 million tonnes of e-waste, with industry estimates suggesting potential annual revenues from 'urban mining' could reach $6 billion.

The government has launched a $170 million initiative to enhance formal recycling, driven by Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations. Despite progress, over 80% of e-waste is still processed informally, presenting environmental hazards. Integrating informal recyclers into formal supply chains is seen as essential for minimizing mineral loss.