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Indonesia's HPAL refineries are threatened by maritime disruptions in the Middle East, impacting sulfur shipments essential for production. Last year, over 75% of Indonesia's sulfur imports were from this region, mostly via the Strait of Hormuz, which is currently facing navigation issues.

The Indonesian Nickel Industry Forum warns that continued disruptions could paralyze HPAL operations, crucial for producing MHP—a key material for battery-grade nickel in electric vehicles. Indonesia operates approximately 10 MHP projects with a capacity of 440,000 tonnes of nickel per year, mainly owned by Chinese companies and local partners.