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The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is at the forefront of a transformative project aimed at significantly enhancing the operational capabilities of India's next-generation submarines. Specifically, BARC is developing a new reactor designed to power the S-5 class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and nuclear-powered attack submarines. This advanced reactor, expected to deliver 200 megawatts electric (MWe) of power, represents a significant upgrade from the current reactors on the INS Arihant and INS Arighat, which generate only 83 MWe.

The enhancements come at a critical time as China continues to bolster its own maritime nuclear deterrence, underscoring the strategic importance of these developments. A BARC scientist, who spoke on the condition of anonymity due to the sensitive nature of the project, emphasized that the new reactor will provide substantial operational advantages, including greater endurance and extended submergence capabilities.

The Indian government recognizes the vital role of nuclear submarines within the country’s nuclear triad, providing a mobile and survivable platform for second-strike capabilities, complementing the land and air components of the triad. Beyond this major reactor development, BARC is also working on multiple small modular reactors, including a light water-based 200 MWe Bharat small modular reactor and a 555 MWe variant, alongside innovations in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors aimed at clean hydrogen production. This ambitious agenda was recently highlighted by the Atomic Energy Commission chairman at the 69th conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, further emphasizing India's commitment to advancing its nuclear technology capabilities.