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Google's Ironwood TPU features a 3D Torus network and Apollo optical circuit switch to meet rising AI data center demands. TrendForce predicts that global shipments of 800G and above optical transceivers will rise from 19.5% in 2024 to over 60% by 2026, with Google likely shipping nearly 4 million TPUs.

The Apollo OCS system, using MEMS micro-mirrors for energy-efficient fiber connections, consumes around 100 watts—95% less than traditional systems. Innolight and Eoptolink are expected to capture 80% of Google's orders for optical modules, and Lumentum will supply OCS components. This architecture aims to scale data traffic efficiently as compute density increases.