Article

In September 1967, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara announced the deployment of the Sentinel antiballistic missile (ABM) system, designed for limited defense against missile threats from China and accidental launches.

Physicists Hans Bethe and Richard Garwin published an article in Scientific American opposing the Sentinel, arguing it could be overwhelmed by countermeasures. However, both had been corporate consultants for defense technologies and had previously supported missile defense.

Bethe worked with Avco Corporation on missile defense technologies and contributed to strategic arguments favoring limited deployment. Despite their public criticism, Bethe and Garwin remained integrated within the military-industrial complex, participating in discussions that shaped missile defense policies. Their opposition did not imply a rejection of missile defense entirely, reflecting a complex relationship between scientific expertise and political interests.