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The Belo Monte hydropower plant in Brazil's Amazon, operational since 2016, has faced significant legal challenges concerning its environmental and social impacts. Brazilian courts ruled that the plant failed to protect ecosystems and Indigenous communities along the Xingu River, leading to a Supreme Court order for 19 million reais ($3.6 million) in compensation for affected Indigenous groups.

A local court mandated the operator, Norte Energia, to provide clean water to communities impacted by the dam. A federal judge ordered a reassessment of water diversion from the river, which could reduce electricity output.

The new legislation allowing faster approval of infrastructure projects raises concerns about environmental scrutiny. Belo Monte diverts 70% to 80% of the river's flow, affecting local fish populations and access to resources. Indigenous monitoring groups have documented severe impacts, and future licensing renewals may hinge on mitigating these effects.