Article

RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with soluble copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂) to examine oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Cells were exposed to CuCl₂ concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 µM for 24 hours.

Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and genotoxicity was evaluated through micronucleus formation and alkaline comet assays. Apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed via Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and sub-G1 DNA content analysis.

Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed through membrane potential measurement and cytochrome c release. Additionally, intracellular ROS levels and caspase activities were quantified, indicating significant cellular effects due to CuCl₂ exposure.