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The Trump administration is implementing measures to enhance US production of critical minerals, aiming to reduce reliance on China, which controls approximately 60% of global rare earth mining and over 90% of refining capacity. In 2025, US venture capitalists invested over $628 million in startups focused on rare earths, a nearly 3,000% increase from 2024, driven by national security concerns.

The Defense Department's $400 million investment in MP Materials Corp. and Apple's subsequent $500 million agreement to purchase rare earths are notable developments. The US is also seeking to bolster domestic supply chains, as highlighted by Phoenix Tailings' new refining facility in New Hampshire, which operates independently of Chinese technology. Despite challenges such as high costs and permitting delays, advancements in mining and processing technologies provide optimism for US startups to compete with Chinese firms by 2027.