Article

US marine terminals are critical for international trade, handling approximately 56 million containers in 2024. Containerization, introduced in 1956, significantly increased productivity but led to an 85% reduction in the stevedore workforce.

Unique operational practices in the US include carrier-provided chassis and limited automation, contrasting with global 24/7 operations. Future capacity growth is uncertain due to strict local governance and minimal new facility additions since 2009. Potential solutions include modernizing equipment, modifying labor rules, extending operational hours, and implementing automation, though high costs and union agreements present challenges.