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The Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) involving Japan, the UK, and Italy is progressing while the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) involving Spain, France, and Germany encounters delays due to disagreements. GCAP aims to deliver an operational aircraft by 2035, with projects underway on advanced technologies.

The initiative formalized a treaty in late 2023 and launched the Edgewing joint venture. In contrast, FCAS struggles with differing timelines and demands among member nations. Italy's contribution to GCAP has increased to €18.6 billion, three times the initial estimate, amid economic challenges. GCAP is positioned to advance in defense projects as FCAS fails to align priorities.