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In December 2025, India tested its K-4 submarine-launched ballistic missile from the nuclear-powered submarine INS Arighat, with a range of 3,500 kilometers. India is developing the K-5 SLBM, enhancing its sea-based nuclear capabilities.

This modernization aims to establish a blue-water navy and contain China, complicating regional deterrence dynamics. Pakistan, responding with its Hangor-class submarines and Babur-3 missile, is enhancing its sea-based deterrence.

Recent military exercises by Pakistan demonstrate evolving naval warfare capabilities. The developments indicate an escalation in the arms race in South Asia, particularly in the maritime domain.