India Tests K-4 Missile Amid Growing Naval Arms Race with Pakistan
India successfully tested its K-4 submarine-launched ballistic missile from the INS Arighat, enhancing its sea-based nuclear capabilities amid an escalating naval arms race with Pakistan. In response, Pakistan is advancing its own maritime deterrence with the development of Hangor-class submarines and the Babur-3 missile, highlighting a shift in regional military dynamics. These developments underscore the intensifying competition in South Asia’s maritime domain.
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In December 2025, India tested its K-4 submarine-launched ballistic missile from the nuclear-powered submarine INS Arighat, with a range of 3,500 kilometers. India is developing the K-5 SLBM, enhancing its sea-based nuclear capabilities.
This modernization aims to establish a blue-water navy and contain China, complicating regional deterrence dynamics. Pakistan, responding with its Hangor-class submarines and Babur-3 missile, is enhancing its sea-based deterrence.
Recent military exercises by Pakistan demonstrate evolving naval warfare capabilities. The developments indicate an escalation in the arms race in South Asia, particularly in the maritime domain.
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