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The KC-135, delivered to the USAF in June 1957, serves as the principal refueling aircraft and has been upgraded to KC-135E and KC-135R variants with improved engines. It supports various roles including reconnaissance and command post functions.

Notably, the KC-135Q variant facilitated refueling for the SR-71 Blackbird using specialized fuel systems. The aircraft's design influenced a generation of Boeing transports, including the 707, 727, and 737, with the RAAF converting its Boeing 707s for tanker roles.