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Emmanuel Macron has announced a decision to increase the number of nuclear warheads in France's arsenal to strengthen European deterrence, emphasizing coordination with Germany while maintaining decision-making authority in Paris. Nuclear warheads are complex systems that require continuous modernization and maintenance.

Key technical challenges include achieving critical mass and ensuring reliable operation under various conditions. The global nuclear arsenal is estimated at 12,300 weapons, with 3,900 operational. France's modernization plan includes the development of new submarines and delivery systems by 2036, as part of its commitment to deterrence without initiating an arms race.