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Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed a collective defense agreement in September, stating that an attack on one is considered an attack on both. Turkey is in advanced negotiations to join the pact, potentially strengthening the alliance.

This new security arrangement would place Ankara under Islamabad's nuclear umbrella, while Riyadh signals a shift from reliance on US guarantees. The partnership aims to create a functional alliance with financial leadership from Saudi Arabia, nuclear deterrence from Pakistan, and military strength from Turkey.

Diverging strategies between Saudi Arabia and the UAE are emerging, impacting foreign business operations. Companies may face geopolitical implications in their industrial and technological choices, especially in sensitive sectors like AI and telecommunications, as neutrality becomes less viable in the region.