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Researchers at the University of Sydney have created a process that uses liquid metals, specifically gallium, to produce clean hydrogen from both freshwater and seawater under sunlight. This method avoids many limitations of current hydrogen production techniques, achieving a maximum efficiency of 12.9%.

Gallium particles react with water to produce hydrogen and gallium oxyhydroxide, which can be reduced back to gallium for reuse, illustrating a circular process. The research team is focusing on improving efficiency and establishing a mid-scale reactor for hydrogen extraction.