British Geological Survey Discovers Biogenic Ammonia's Role in Borneo's Clearwater Cave Formation
The British Geological Survey has revealed that biogenic ammonia significantly influences the formation of the Clearwater Cave system in Gunung Mulu National Park, Borneo. This extensive limestone cave system, over 260 kilometers long, shows unique erosive patterns attributed to bat and bird guano, which has a pH of 1.9.
Researchers found that ammonia gas produced from nitrogen compounds in the guano accelerates limestone dissolution, with nitrate levels in cave water reaching up to 7000 mg per liter, far exceeding UK drinking water standards. This discovery challenges traditional karst formation theories by highlighting biogenic processes alongside carbonic acid dissolution. The Mulu Caves Project, ongoing since 1978, continues to uncover new chambers and promote the conservation of this UNESCO World Heritage site, emphasizing its ecological and paleoclimatic significance.
