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Following the construction of the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam on the Xingu River in Brazil, serious ecological impacts, including widespread fish deformities, have emerged. Studies from 2025 reveal that fish such as silver croakers exhibit spinal deformities, with estimates indicating that up to 40% of fish caught are affected.

The dam's operation has drastically altered the river's natural flow, leading to prolonged drought conditions and habitat degradation. Monitoring teams report that the prescribed water release rates are insufficient to replicate the river's natural flood cycles, resulting in diminished aquatic ecosystems.

The Consensus Hydrograph, designed to regulate water flow, has been deemed inadequate by researchers and communities advocating for a new flow regime, the Piracema Hydrograph, aimed at restoring ecological balance. Norte Energia, the dam operator, denies the link between the dam's operations and observed environmental changes.